กระทั่ง even
Even familiar people sometimes act like strangers.
The Thai word กระทั่ง (grà-thǎng) means "even," "as far as," "up to," or "to the extent of." It emphasizes the inclusiveness or the extremity of something. It indicates that something extends to a surprising or unexpected degree.
Here are some examples illustrating its usage and possible English translations:
**Example 1: Extending to an unexpected degree.**
* **Thai:** ฝนตกกระทั่งน้ำท่วม (fǒn dtòk grà-thǎng nám thûam)
* **English:** It rained so heavily that it caused flooding. / The rain was so heavy that it even caused flooding.
**Example 2: Including something unexpected.**
* **Thai:** เขาเหนื่อยกระทั่งนอนไม่หลับ (khǎo nʉ̂aj grà-thǎng nɔɔn mâi làp)
* **English:** He was so tired that he couldn't even sleep. / He was tired to the point of not being able to sleep.
**Example 3: Emphasis on inclusiveness.**
* **Thai:** เด็กๆ กระทั่งผู้ใหญ่ก็มางานนี้ (dèk dèk grà-thǎng phûu yài gɔ̂ maa ngaan níi)
* **English:** Even the adults came to this event. / Everyone came to this event, including children and adults.
**Example 4: Reaching an extreme point.**
* **Thai:** เขาโกรธกระทั่งพูดไม่ออก (khǎo ghròot grà-thǎng phûut mâi ɔ̀ɔk)
* **English:** He was so angry that he couldn't even speak. / His anger was so intense that he couldn't speak.
**Example 5: A more nuanced example:**
* **Thai:** ความเสียหายนั้นกระทั่งทำให้ธุรกิจล้มละลาย (khwaam sǐa-haay nán grà-thǎng thâm hâi thu-ra-gìt lôm la-laay)
* **English:** The damage was so extensive that it even led to bankruptcy. / The damage went so far as to cause the business to go bankrupt.
The word กระทั่ง (grà-thǎng) adds emphasis and often implies a surprising or extreme extent. It's not just a simple "even," but a stronger indication of the scope or impact of something.
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